Python接口自动化测试 —— request请求封装

测试界柠檬

722人浏览 · 2024-06-04 16:25:48

测试界柠檬 · 2024-06-04 16:25:48 发布

我们在做自动化测试的时候，大家都是希望自己写的代码越简洁越好，代码重复量越少越好。那么，我们可以考虑将request的请求类型（如：Get、Post、Delect请求）都封装起来。这样，我们在编写用例的时候就可以直接进行请求了。

1. 源码分析

我们先来看一下Get、Post、Delect等请求的源码，看一下它们都有什么特点。

（1）Get请求源码



def get(self, url, **kwargs):

r"""Sends a GET request. Returns :class:`Response` object.

:param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.

:param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.

:rtype: requests.Response

"""


kwargs.setdefault('allow_redirects', True)

return self.request('GET', url, **kwargs)

（2）Post请求源码



def post(self, url, data=None, json=None, **kwargs):

r"""Sends a POST request. Returns :class:`Response` object.

:param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.

:param data: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like

object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.

:param json: (optional) json to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.

:param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.

:rtype: requests.Response

"""


return self.request('POST', url, data=data, json=json, **kwargs)

（3）Delect请求源码



def delete(self, url, **kwargs):

r"""Sends a DELETE request. Returns :class:`Response` object.

:param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.

:param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.

:rtype: requests.Response

"""


return self.request('DELETE', url, **kwargs)

（4）分析结果

我们发现，不管是Get请求、还是Post请求或者是Delect请求，它们到最后返回的都是request函数。那么，我们再去看一看request函数的源码。



def request(self, method, url,

params=None, data=None, headers=None, cookies=None, files=None,

auth=None, timeout=None, allow_redirects=True, proxies=None,

hooks=None, stream=None, verify=None, cert=None, json=None):

"""Constructs a :class:`Request <Request>`, prepares it and sends it.

Returns :class:`Response <Response>` object.


:param method: method for the new :class:`Request` object.

:param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.

:param params: (optional) Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query

string for the :class:`Request`.

:param data: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like

object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.

:param json: (optional) json to send in the body of the

:class:`Request`.

:param headers: (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the

:class:`Request`.

:param cookies: (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the

:class:`Request`.

:param files: (optional) Dictionary of ``'filename': file-like-objects``

for multipart encoding upload.

:param auth: (optional) Auth tuple or callable to enable

Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.

:param timeout: (optional) How long to wait for the server to send

data before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout,

read timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.

:type timeout: float or tuple

:param allow_redirects: (optional) Set to True by default.

:type allow_redirects: bool

:param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol or protocol and

hostname to the URL of the proxy.

:param stream: (optional) whether to immediately download the response

content. Defaults to ``False``.

:param verify: (optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether we verify

the server's TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it must be a path

to a CA bundle to use. Defaults to ``True``.

:param cert: (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem).

If Tuple, ('cert', 'key') pair.

:rtype: requests.Response

"""

# Create the Request.

req = Request(

method=method.upper(),

url=url,

headers=headers,

files=files,

data=data or {},

json=json,

params=params or {},

auth=auth,

cookies=cookies,

hooks=hooks,

)

prep = self.prepare_request(req)


proxies = proxies or {}


settings = self.merge_environment_settings(

prep.url, proxies, stream, verify, cert

)


# Send the request.

send_kwargs = {

'timeout': timeout,

'allow_redirects': allow_redirects,

}

send_kwargs.update(settings)

resp = self.send(prep, **send_kwargs)


return resp

从request源码可以看出，它先创建一个Request，然后将传过来的所有参数放在里面，再接着调用self.send()，并将Request传过去。这里我们将不在分析后面的send等方法的源码了，有兴趣的同学可以自行了解。

分析完源码之后发现，我们可以不需要单独在一个类中去定义Get、Post等其他方法，然后在单独调用request。其实，我们直接调用request即可。

2. requests请求封装

代码示例：



import requests


class RequestMain:

def __init__(self):

"""


session管理器

requests.session(): 维持会话,跨请求的时候保存参数

"""

# 实例化session

self.session = requests.session()


def request_main(self, method, url, params=None, data=None, json=None, headers=None, **kwargs):

"""


:param method: 请求方式

:param url: 请求地址

:param params: 字典或bytes，作为参数增加到url中

:param data: data类型传参，字典、字节序列或文件对象，作为Request的内容

:param json: json传参，作为Request的内容

:param headers: 请求头，字典

:param kwargs: 若还有其他的参数，使用可变参数字典形式进行传递

:return:

"""


# 对异常进行捕获

try:

"""


封装request请求，将请求方法、请求地址，请求参数、请求头等信息入参。

注 ：verify: True/False，默认为True，认证SSL证书开关；cert: 本地SSL证书。如果不需要ssl认证，可将这两个入参去掉

"""

re_data = self.session.request(method, url, params=params, data=data, json=json, headers=headers, cert=(client_crt, client_key), verify=False, **kwargs)

# 异常处理 报错显示具体信息

except Exception as e:

# 打印异常

print("请求失败：{0}".format(e))

# 返回响应结果

return re_data



if __name__ == '__main__':

# 请求地址

url = '请求地址'

# 请求参数

payload = {"请求参数"}

# 请求头

header = {"headers"}

# 实例化 RequestMain()

re = RequestMain()

# 调用request_main，并将参数传过去

request_data = re.request_main("请求方式", url, json=payload, headers=header)

# 打印响应结果

print(request_data.text)

注：如果你调的接口不需要SSL认证，可将cert与verify两个参数去掉。